Which action is an example of Intel gathering that is classified under Non-Innocent Passage?

Collecting data on enemy vessels is an example of Intel gathering classified under Non-Innocent Passage because it involves gathering information that can provide tactical and strategic advantages in a military context. This kind of activity goes beyond merely navigating through waters; it focuses on obtaining intelligence that could be used in a potential conflict or to monitor military capabilities.

In contrast, mapping ocean currents, conducting military drills, and surveying for submarines may be related to navigation and preparation but do not inherently represent the aggressive or non-passive gathering of intelligence on potentially adversarial forces. These actions can be considered as standard military operations or research and do not have the same implication of targeted intelligence reconnaissance associated with monitoring enemy vessels.